Gum care

What it is

Gum problems usually begin when plaque, the soft film of bacteria that forms on teeth every day, isn't fully cleaned away. In the early stage the gums become inflamed: they can look red or puffy and bleed when you brush. This is often called gingivitis.

If the inflammation continues, it can spread to the tissues and bone that hold the teeth in place. This more advanced stage, periodontitis, can cause the gums to shrink back and, over time, teeth to loosen.

Why people ask about it

People usually ask about their gums because they notice bleeding when brushing or cleaning between their teeth, gums that are swollen or sore, gums that seem to be receding, bad breath that doesn't go away, or a tooth that feels looser than it did.

What assessment may involve

A dentist looks at the colour and shape of the gums, checks where they bleed, and may gently measure the small space between each tooth and the gum. X-rays can show the level of bone around the teeth. Your medical history matters too, because smoking, diabetes and some medicines can affect gum health.

Common approaches and alternatives

Care depends on what is found. For many people it starts with practical guidance: brushing twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and cleaning between the teeth every day with floss or small interdental brushes, chosen to fit the gaps in your mouth. A professional clean removes hardened deposits that a toothbrush can't.

Where the disease is more advanced, care may involve deeper cleaning below the gum line, closer monitoring and, in some cases, referral for specialist assessment. Early inflammation can often settle with consistent cleaning and professional care. Damage from advanced gum disease is usually managed and stabilised rather than undone, which is one reason earlier assessment is worthwhile.

Questions to ask a clinician

• Is this early inflammation, or something more advanced?
• Which way of cleaning between my teeth suits my mouth?
• Would a professional clean help, and how often might I need one?
• Do any of my health conditions or medicines affect my gums?
• How will we know whether things are improving?